Single and combined effects of the drugs salicylic acid and acetazolamide: Adverse changes in physiological parameters of the freshwater macrophyte, Lemna gibba

Abstract

Pharmaceutical drugs are among the most used chemicals, for human and veterinary medicines, aquaculture and agriculture. Pharmaceuticals are biologically active molecules, having also environmental persistence, thereby exerting biological effects on non-target species. Among the most used pharmaceuticals, one may find salicylic acid (SA), a non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and acetazolamide (ACZ), a diuretic drug that acts by inhibiting the activity of carbonic anhydrase (CA). In this work, single and combined effects of SA and ACZ were assessed in the aquatic macrophyte Lemna gibba L., focusing on physiological parameters, namely photosynthetic pigments, (chlorophyll a, b and total (Chl a, b and TChl) as well as carotenoids (Car)). In addition, chemical biomarkers, namely, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), catalase (CAT) and carbonic anhydrase (CA) activities, were also determined. The highest concentrations of ACZ, caused a decrease in the contents of all chlorophylls; this effect was however reverted by SA exposure. Both ACZ and SA levels caused a decrease in CA activity. Nevertheless, when in combination, this inhibition was not observed in plants exposed to the lowest concentration of these drugs. In conclusion, both pharmaceuticals have the capacity to cause alterations in L. gibba enzymatic activity and photosynthetic pigments content. Additionally, SA seems to exert a protective effect on this species against deleterious effects caused by ACZ.