Unlocking the full potential of green propolis: a novel extraction approach using eutectic solvents for improved phenolic compound recovery

Abstract

Propolis is highly diverse and has various health benefits for humans. However, standardizing propolis-based products for use in the pharmaceutical and food industries is challenging. Efficient extraction processes are essential to maximize their biological potential. Ethanol is commonly used as a solvent but has several drawbacks, such as residual flavor and limitations for some individuals. Water is an alternative, but it is not as effective as ethanol. In this context, new strategies are being explored to find an alternative to ethanol and improve water’s performance as a solvent. To this end, a new extraction platform of phenolic compounds from Brazilian green propolis using eutectic solvents was developed. Betaine: citric acid (1:2) with 50 wt % of water was found to be the most efficient solvent, with a yield of extraction around 100 mgpolyphenol gpropolis–1 under optimum conditions with an ultrasound-assisted extraction approach (UAE). In vitro biological assays were performed to evaluate the potential of this new extract, mainly regarding antioxidant, antihypertensive, lipase inhibition, and antimicrobial activity. Our results indicate that the eutectic solvent selected in the extraction process enhances the biological potential of the green propolis extract, opening the doors for the development of semi-finished products active against inflammation biological pathways.