New variational problems with an action depending on generalized fractional derivatives, the free endpoint conditions, and a real parameter

Abstract

This work presents optimality conditions for several fractional variational problems where the Lagrange function depends on fractional order operators, the initial and final state values, and a free parameter. The fractional derivatives considered in this paper are the Riemann–Liouville and the Caputo derivatives with respect to an arbitrary kernel. The new variational problems studied here are generalizations of several types of variational problems, and therefore, our results generalize well-known results from the fractional calculus of variations. Namely, we prove conditions useful to determine the optimal orders of the fractional derivatives and necessary optimality conditions involving time delays and arbitrary real positive fractional orders. Sufficient conditions for such problems are also studied. Illustrative examples are provided.