Iodide Recognition and Sensing in Water by a Halogen-Bonding Ruthenium(II)-Based Rotaxane

Abstract

The synthesis and anion-recognition properties of the first halogen-bonding rotaxane host to sense anions in water is described. The rotaxane features a halogen-bonding axle component, which is stoppered with water-solubilizing permethylated beta-cyclodextrin motifs, and a luminescent tris(bipyridine) ruthenium (II)-based macrocycle component. H-1 NMR anion-binding titrations in D2O reveal the halogen-bonding rotaxane to bind iodide with high affinity and with selectively over the smaller halide anions and sulfate. The binding affinity trend was explained through molecular dynamics simulations and free-energy calculations. Photo-physical investigations demonstrate the ability of the interlocked halogen-bonding host to sense iodide in water, through enhancement of the macrocycle component's Ru-II metal-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) emission.