Da abordagem Orff-Schulwerk ao desenvolvimento do ’eu musical’ : flow em processos de ensino/aprendizagem de educação musical

Abstract

O presente trabalho visa discutir a relação entre a abordagem Orff-Schulwerk e o desenvolvimento do ‘Eu Musical’ em contexto de Educação Musical no 2.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico genérico português. Na tentativa de verificar, analisar e tentar compreender esta relação, o processo empírico fundamentou-se na Flow Theory, desenvolvida por Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. O enquadramento teórico conduziu à elaboração do ‘Modelo Multidimensional de Eu Musical’ (‘MoMEuM’), o qual, partindo da abordagem Orff-Schulwerk, procurou bases epistemológicas na Flow Theory, nas vertentes Cultural, Social e Positiva da Psicologia, bem como no Embodiment. A componente empírica do estudo teve como base metodológica a investigação-ação. Nesse sentido, o professor-investigador acompanhou, de forma longitudinal, o percurso de 50 alunos no referido contexto e procurou verificar, através do FIMA - Flow Indicators in Musical Activity, a vivência de ‘experiências ótimas/estados de fluxo’ em atividades/estratégias pedagógicomusicais baseadas na abordagem Orff-Schulwerk e, por conseguinte, no desenvolvimento do ‘Eu Musical’. A análise e interpretação de dados sugere que a abordagem Orff-Schulwerk promove a ocorrência de ‘experiências ótimas/estados de fluxo’ e, no quadro do presente estudo, impulsiona o desenvolvimento do ‘Eu Musical’.

The present work aims to establish a relation between the Orff-Schulwerk approach and the development of the ‘Eu Musical’* in the context of Musical Education taught at the second level of basic teaching (5th and 6th grade of Portuguese Basic Education). In order to verify, analyze and understand this relation, an empirical method was used based on the Flow Theory, extensively studied and discussed by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. The theoretical background direct us to the proposal of a multidimensional model (‘Modelo Multidimensional de Eu Musical’ - MoMEuM’), that starting from the Orff-Schulwerk approach, try to put together the epistemological foundations of the Flow Theory, adding Cultural, Social e Positive aspects of Psychology, complemented by aspects of the Embodiment. The Empirical component of this study has a methodological support based on a direct process oriented by research-action. To fulfill these objectives, the professor/researcher followed and interact directly, in a longitudinal way, on the activities of 50 students on this topics. FIMA - Flow Indicators in Musical Activity and AFIMA - Adapted Flow Indicators in Musical Activity were used to attest the testimony (feeling) of ‘optimal experiences/flow states’ in musical activities/strategies based on the Orff-Schulwerk approach, with strong implications on the development of the ‘Eu Musical’ (‘MoMEuM’). The analysis and interpretation of the data collected suggests that the Orff- Schulwerk approach promotes ‘optimal experiences/flow states’ and, in the frame of the present study (‘MoMEuM’), enhances the development of the ‘Eu Musical’. * The concept ‘Eu Musical’ (translated as ‘Musical Self’) is defined, in this work, on the basis of the theoretical-epistemological framework of the multidimensional model proposed (‘Modelo Multidimensional de Eu Musical’ - MoMEuM’).